In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest Yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain Yield and Yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain Yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain Yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant Yield (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

Recognition and understanding the genetic control of traits, combining ability and genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% and 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number and length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length and width, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, biological andeconomic Yields, harvest index, oil and protein percentage. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes and diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits and dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best and Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 and Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic Yield and number of branches, respectively and narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches and harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.

To investigate the effect of weed interference and weed-free periods on Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth. in Wall) and to evaluate the critical period of weed control (CPWC) in this oilseed crop, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in Naghadeh region in 2018. Experimental consisted of two groups of treatments; weed infestation treatments (infestation for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 and 1451.3 growing degree day (GDD) after transplanting and then plots were remained weed-free the rest of the growing season) and weed-free treatments (weeding for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 and 1451.3 GDD after transplanting and then plots were remained infested until harvesting time). In each block, one weed free and weed infested control was for all the growing season. Results indicated that the density and dry biomass of weeds were increased as weed removal was delayed. In contrast, density and dry biomass of weeds were decreased as weeds establishment was delayed. Height, tetrachenes fruits, ripened achenes, 1000-seed weight and biological, seed and relative Yields of Balangu were decreased and increased as the duration of weed-infested and weed-free period increased, respectively. Also, logistic and Gompertz curves fitted to data showed that the beginning and end of the CPWC based on a 10% Yield loss of relative Yield, was estimated to be from 11 to 108 days after transplanting (97 days weed-free period) in order to prevent a noticeable Yield loss.

To investigate the effect of vermicompost, N fertilizer and their integration on growth, biological and essential Yields oil and its components in two populations (Varamin and Isfahan), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Isfahan Medicinal Plants Research Center in 2016. Fertilizer treatments including 100% urea, vermicompost 33.3 and urea 66.6%, vermicompost 66.6 and urea 33.3%, 100% vermicompost and control treatment (without fertilizer) as the first factor and Varamin and Isfahan populations as the second factor were selected. The results showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer and populations on all studied traits were significant. In both populations, nitrogen fertilizer improved height, biological and essential oil Yields, content of essential oil compounds (d-Carvone and its Yield, α-phellandrene and linalool; except p-Cymene and Limonene in Isfahan population). Since in medicinal plants, the quantity (biological Yield) and quality (essential oil and d-Carvone; the most important ingredient and the highest amount of essential oil in this experiment), 66.6% vermicompost + 33.3% urea in Varamin population, was the best treatment in the experiment. In addition an in the direction of human health and sustainable agriculture, it is possible to reduce 33% of chemical fertilizers application and pollution; however, in terms of other essential oil contents (α-phellandrene, Linalool and p-Cymene), 100% vermicompost fertilizer treatment was superior in Isfahan population.

In order to identify the correlations and relationships between different traits in the bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely randomized design in greenhouse and the randomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation and post-anthesis water stress conditions. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that at both normal and moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the phenological traits and the Yield components. Under the normal conditions in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density and length, the number of days to 50% flowering can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, under the stressed conditions in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the number of days to the heading, maturity and 50% of flowering were among the important and effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation conditions in the field, the number of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the seed weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation analysis under the field stress conditions showed that to increase the 1000-seed weight, the number of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

Knowing the components of economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of the economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and economic ethics (economic fields in the society); The dimension of economic concepts and knowledge (indices in economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

In order to study the effect of different planting dates and application of ammonium sulphate on Yield and Yield components of Hyola rapeseed cultivar in winter planting an experiment was conducted in climatic conditions of Mane and Samalghan during 2008-2009. The experiment was carried on factorial based on CRBD with four replications. The experiments were treatment included three planting dates (18 Sep., 4 Oct. and 19 Oct. of 2008) and four fertilizer treatment (base fertilizer 100 kg/ha urea, 80 kg/ha ammonium sulphate at beginning of spring and 80 kg/ha ammonium sulphate in maximum height of plant), (base fertilizer 100 kg/ha urea, 40 kg/ha ammonium sulphate at beginning of spring and 40 kg/ha urea in maximum height of plant), (base fertilizer 100 kg/ha urea, 40 kg/ha urea at beginning of spring and 80 kg/ha ammonium sulphate in maximum height of plant) and (base fertilizer 100 kg/ha urea, 40 kg/ha urea at beginning of spring and 80 kg/ha urea in maximum height of plant).Trait were considered as number of seed per pod, number of pod per plant, 1000 grains weight and grain Yield.The results showed that second planting date was superior on number of seed per pod, number of pod per plant and grain and value of third fertilizer treatment on number of pod per plant, grain Yield. Highest and lowest grain Yield belonged to the second planting date and third fertilizer treatment with average 4.1 ton/ha and third planting date and fourth fertilizer treatment with average 3.2 ton/ha respectively.

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels and methods of using Salicylhydroxamic Acid (SHAM) on Yield and Yield components of safflower, an experiment was conducted in Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran, in 2011-2012 growing season. Factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. SHAM chemical substance was used for safflower in two methods including, seed priming (Seed preparation before planting) and plant spraying in anthesis stage. The results of the experiment showed that effect of seed priming was significant on all components of Yield of safflower. Also, the results of experiment showed that the impact of using SHAM by plant spraying on the number of seeds in tray (Antodium) and diameter of tray and economic Yield was significant on the level of one percent, while its impact on the number of branches per plant and number of tray (Antodium) per plant was significant on the level of five percent. Finally, the results of this experiment indicated positive effects of using Salicylhydroxamic Acid (SHAM) on the Yield and Yield components of safflower in both methods of its application by preventing the wasting of Photosynthesis energy.

A randomized compelete block design in three replication was conducted at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran, in 2010. The Yield and Yield components of intercropping of poato (Solanum tubtesum) and safflower (Carthamus tinictorius) in the field were investigated. The treatments include: pure cropping of potato at density of 6 plants m-2, pure cropping of safflower at densities of 6, 12 and 18 plants m-2, and the intercropping of potato (6 plant m-2) with safflower at densities of 6, 12 and 18 plants m-2. The plants were planted as additive method.The results of potato in pure cropping and intercropping with safflower revealed that number of stems m-2 was not significant, but there were significant difference between the number of tubes plant-1 and the tube weight plant-1 at 0.05 probability level and the tube Yield at 0.01 probability level. The intercropping of safflower with potato treatment was showed that the number of receptacles plant-1 was significant at 0.05 probability level and the number of seeds per receptacle, seed weight in the receptacle and seed Yield were significant at 0.01 probability level.The intercropping of safflower at 12 plant m-2 density with potato at 6 plant m-2 had the highest Land Equivalent Ratio (LER=1.12). This indicated that of intercropping Yield compared with pure cropping Yield 12% was increased.